Southern France (Mediterranean route), and (ii) the various forms of Human interaction in prehistory, as it encompasses both (i) the convergence of earlyįarming communities from Central Europe (Danubian route) with those from This region is uniquely suited to study questions of ![]() Variability in cultural and biological interactions between human groups during Western Germany, Switzerland and Italy, to unravel the complexity and Our project targets a key region that includes modern-day France, This scenario now needs to be tested against the evidence from Western Europe. For the more easterly and northern regions of Central Europe this has been achieved in recent years with the surprising result that incoming groups had a clear Near Eastern cultural and genetic background and very little or no biological contact with indigenous hunter-gatherers for at least two millennia, despite considerable evidence of mutual material exchange. The archaeology of Neolithic Western Europe paints a highly complex picture of interaction and exchange from the Mesolithic to the Late Neolithic (including regional variability) and has been well described at the cultural level, but to date no genetic data is available to discuss biological interaction. the Danubian and Mediterranean stream) and encounters with autochthonous Mesolithic societies may have created this mosaic pattern of diversity as it is seen in the material culture. It is conceivable that the concurrence of the two main “streams” of the West European Neolithic expansion ( i.e. The idea is based on the realisation that we don’t have ancient genome-wide data from the region that circumscribes today’s France, see here:Īrchaeological research shows that the dispersal of the Neolithic took a more complex turn when reaching the western parts of Europe. Human interactions during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Western Europe: The dual perspectives of cultural and biological exchanges ![]() The paper closes with a plea for providing more information about pharmaceuticals to consumers.The project ‘ INTERACT‘ is a three-year, ANR/DFG-funded, joint project with French, German and Italian colleagues with the aim to shed light on the Meso-Neolithic transition in western Europe. Perhaps in this keen interest was a potential solution to problems of over-medication and the irrational use of pharmaceuticals in the Third World. A remarkably vigorous interest in diseases and their treatment was observed. Furthermore the notion obtained that many drugs should be used at the same time in cases of severe illness, or whenever a quick recovery was desired. Possible hazards accruing from the use of modern medicines were scarcely acknowledged, if at all. In general, people held the view that medicines should be used in the event of any sickness or discomfort. The attitude of the families studied towards modern pharmaceuticals was highly positive. In one of the two villages, each week every family spent, on the average, a full day's wages to obtain a wide range of medications. A lot of money, moreover, is being spent on modern medicines. If we consider the medications in use from a strictly biomedical viewpoint, it must be said that between half and two thirds of them ought to be regarded as irrational. In almost one third of the cases studied 'dangerous' substances were used. Roughly half of the applied medications appear on neither the WHO list nor the Brazilian national list of 'essential drugs'. The majority of these medications are 'prescribed' by a pharmacy attendant or the patient himself. ![]() ![]() The three most commonly used medicine-groups are antibiotics, analgesics and vitamins. Nursing infants above all are treated with drugs frequently and intensively. It emerged that pharmaceuticals figure in the treatment of most reported health problems. Family use and understanding of modern medicines was studied in two villages in rural Bahia, Brazil.
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